XSS
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of attack in which a malicious agent manages to inject client-side JavaScript into your website, so that it runs in the trusted environment of your users' browsers.
Protecting against XSS attacks
The cleanest way to prevent XSS attacks is to escape untrusted data at the point of injection. That means at the point where it's actually being injected into the HTML.
On the server
When injecting data into a server-side view...
Use <%= %> to HTML-encode data:
<h3 is="welcome-msg">Hello <%= me.username %>!</h3>
<h4><%= owner.username %>'s projects:</h4>
<ul><% _.each(projects, function (project) { %>
<li>
<a href="/<%= owner.username %>/<%= project.slug %>"><%= project.friendlyName %></a>
</li>
<% }); %></ul>
When exposing view locals to client-side JavaScript...
Use the exposeLocalsToBrowser partial to safely expose some or all of your view locals to client-side JavaScript:
<%- exposeLocalsToBrowser(); %>
<script>
console.log(window.SAILS_LOCALS);
// {
// me: {
// username: 'eleven',
// memberSince: '1982-08-01T05:00:00.000Z'
// },
// owner: {
// username: 'joyce',
// memberSince: '1987-11-03T05:00:00.000Z'
// },
// projects: [
// {
// slug: 'my-neat-stuff-n-things',
// friendlyName: 'My neat stuff & things',
// description: 'Yet another project.'
// },
// {
// slug: 'kind-of-neat-stuff-but-not-that-great',
// friendlyName: 'Kind of neat stuff, but not that great...',
// description: 'I am so sick and tired of these project. <script>alert(\'attack\');</script>'
// }
// ],
// _csrf: 'oon95Uac-wKfWQKC5pHx1rP3HsiN9tjqGMyE'
// }
</script>
Note that when you use this strategy, the strings in your view locals are no longer HTML unescaped after being exposed to client-side JavaScript. That's because you'll want to escape them again when you stick them in the DOM. If you always escape at the point of injection, this stuff is a lot easier to keep track of. This way, you know you can safely escape any string you inject into the DOM from your client-side JavaScript. (More on that below.)
On the client
A lot of XSS prevention is about what you do in your client-side code. Here are a few examples:
When injecting data into a client-side JST template...
Use <%- %> to HTML-encode data:
<div data-template-id="welcome-box">
<h3 is="welcome-msg">Hello <%- me.username %>!</h3>
</div>
When modifying the DOM with client-side JavaScript...
Use something like $(...).text() to HTML-encode data:
var $welcomeMsg = $('#signup').find('[is="welcome-msg"]');
welcomeMsg.text('Hello, '+window.SAILS_LOCALS.me.username+'!');
// Avoid using `$(...).html()` to inject untrusted data.
// Even if you know an XSS is not possible under particular circumstances,
// accidental escaping issues can cause really, really annoying client-side bugs.
As you've probably figured out, the example above assumes you are using jQuery, but the same concepts apply regardless of what front-end library you are using.
Additional Resources
Notes
- The examples above assume you are using the default view engine (EJS) and client-side JST/Lodash templates from the default asset pipeline.
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